Bias

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Termin

  • nachylenie, odchylenie, odchyłka, odchyłek, skrzywienie, stronniczość

Definicja

  • Cultural bias: 'Cultural bias has no a priori definition. Instead, its presence is inferred from differential performance of socioracial (e.g., Blacks, Whites), ethnic (e.g., Latinos/Latinas, Anglos), or national groups (e.g., U.S. Americans, Japanese) on measures of psychological constructs such as cognitive abilities, knowledge or skills (CAKS), or symptoms of psychopathology (e.g., depression).'[1]
  1. Bo Cowgill and Fabrizio Dell’Acqua, Biased Programmers? Or Biased Data? A Field Experiment in Operationalizing AI Ethics

Prototypy biasu

  • socjologia wiedzy
  • historia wiedzy, filozofia wiedzy
  • konstrukcjonizm, konstruktywizm społeczny
  • "what in what individuals believe to be truth or knowledge is influenced, if not determined, by their social milieu"[2]
  • Bacon idole
  • Vico, pycha narodów
  • Montesquieu, wpływ klimatu na prawa[3]

Rodzaje

  • Hindsight bias
  • Cognitive biases
  • Participation bias (non-response bias)
  • Publication bias
  • Reporting bias
  • Media bias (D'Alessio and Allen)
    • Coverage bias (also known as visibility bias)
    • Gatekeeping bias (also known as selectivity or selection bias; agenda bias)
    • Statement bias (also known as tonality bias or presentation bias)
    • Advertising bias
    • Concision bias
    • Corporate bias
    • Mainstream bias
    • Partisan bias
    • Structural bias
  • Automation bias
  • Belief bias
  • Congruence bias
  • Courtesy bias (Social desirability bias)
  • Distinction bias
  • Hostile attribution bias
  • Impact bias
  • Information bias
  • Interoceptive bias
  • Negativity bias
  • Normalcy bias
  • Omission bias
  • Optimism bias
  • Positive outcome bias
  • Present bias
  • Pro-innovation bias
  • Projection bias
  • Restraint bias
  • Salience bias
  • Selection bias
  • Sexual overperception bias / sexual underperception bias
  • Social comparison bias
  • Status quo bias
  • Survivorship bias
  • Time-saving bias
  • Unit bias
  • Zero-risk bias
  • Zero-sum bias
  • attributional biases
  • Social biases
    • Actor-observer bias
    • Authority bias
    • Egocentric bias
    • Extrinsic incentives bias
    • False uniqueness bias
    • Ingroup bias
    • Outgroup homogeneity bias
    • Puritanical bias
    • Self-serving bias
    • Shared information bias
    • Trait ascription bias
  • memory biases
    • Regressive bias
    • Consistency bias
    • Choice-supportive bias
    • Confirmation bias
    • Egocentric bias
    • Fading affect bias
    • Stereotypical bias

Bias codex

  1. Too Much Information
    1. We notice things already primed in memory or repeated often
      1. Availability heuristic
      2. Attentional bias
      3. Illusory truth effect
      4. Mere exposure effect
      5. Context effect
      6. Cue-dependent forgetting
      7. Mood-congruent memory bias
      8. Frequency illusion
      9. Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon
      10. Empathy gap
      11. Omission bias
      12. Base rate fallacy
    2. Bizarre, funny, visually-striking, or anthropomorphic things stick out more than non-bizarre/unfunny things
      1. Bizarreness effect
      2. Humor effect Von Restorff effect
      3. Picture superiority effect
      4. Self-relevance effect
      5. Negativity bias
      6. We notice when something has changed
      7. Anchoring
      8. Conservation
      9. Contrast effect
      10. Distinction effect
      11. Focusing effect
      12. Framing effect
      13. Money illusion
      14. Weber-Fechner law
    3. We are drawn to details that confirm our own existing beliefs
      1. Confirmation bias
      2. Congruence bias
      3. Post-purchase rationalization
      4. Choice-support bias
      5. Selective perception
      6. Observer-expectancy effect
      7. Experimenter’s bias
      8. Observer effect
      9. Exception bias
      10. Ostrich effect
      11. Subjective validation
      12. Continued influence effect
      13. Semmelweis reflex
    4. We notice flaws in others more easily than we notice flaws in ourselves
      1. Bias blind spot
      2. Naive cynicism
      3. Naive realism
  2. Not Enough Meaning
    1. We tend to find stories and data when looking at sparse data
      1. Confabulation
      2. Clustering illusion
      3. Insensitivity to sample size
      4. Neglect of Probability
      5. Anecdotal fallacy
      6. Illusion of validity
      7. Masked man fallacy
      8. Recency illusion
      9. Gambler’s fallacy
      10. Illusory correlation
      11. Pareidolia
      12. Anthropomorphism
    2. We fill in characteristics from stereotypes, generalities, and prior histories
      1. Group attribution error
      2. Ultimate attribution error
      3. Stereotyping
      4. Essentialism
      5. Functional fixedness
      6. Moral credential effect
      7. Just-world hypothesis
      8. argument from fallacy
      9. Authority bias
      10. Automation bias
      11. Bandwagon effect
      12. Placebo effect
    3. We imagine things and people we’re familiar with or fond of as better
      1. Out-group homogeneity bias
      2. Cross-race effect
      3. In-group bias
      4. Halo effect
      5. Cheerleader effect
      6. Positivity effect
      7. Not invented here
      8. Reactive devaluation
      9. Well-traveled road effect
    4. We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about
      1. Mental accounting
      2. Appeal to probability fallacy
      3. Normalcy bias
      4. Murphy’s Law
      5. Zero-sum bias
      6. Survivorship bias
      7. Subadditivity effect
      8. Denomination effect
      9. Magic number 7+-2
    5. We think we know what other people are thinking
      1. Illusion of transparency
      2. Curse of knowledge
      3. Spotlight effect
      4. Extrinsic incentive error
      5. Illusion of external agency
      6. Illusion of asymmetric insight
    6. We project our current mindset and assumptions onto the past and future
      1. Self-consistency bias
      2. Resistant bias
      3. Projection bias
      4. Pro-innovation bias
      5. Time-saving bias
      6. Planning fallacy
      7. Pessimism bias
      8. Impact bias
      9. Declinism
      10. Moral luck
      11. Outcome bias
      12. Hindsight bias
      13. Rosy retrospection
      14. Telescoping effect
  3. Need To Act Fast
    1. We favor simple-looking options and complete information over complex, ambiguous options
      1. Less-is-better effect
      2. Occam’s razor
      3. Conjunction fallacy
      4. Delmore effect
      5. Law of Triviality
      6. Bike-shedding effect
      7. Rhyme as reason effect
      8. Belief bias
      9. Information bias
      10. Ambiguity bias
    2. To avoid mistakes, we aim to preserve autonomy and group status and avoid irreversible decisions
      1. Status quo bias
      2. Social comparison bias
      3. Decoy effect
      4. Reactance
      5. Reverse psychology
      6. System justification
    3. To get things done, we tend to complete things we’ve time & energy in
      1. Backfire effect
      2. Endowment effect
      3. Processing difficulty effect
      4. Pseudocertainty effect
      5. Disposition effect
      6. Zero-risk bias
      7. Unit bias
      8. IKEA effect
      9. Loss aversion
      10. Generation effect
      11. Escalation of commitment
      12. Irrational escalation
      13. Sunk cost fallacy
    4. To stay focused, we favor the immediate, relatable thing in front of us
      1. Identifiable victim effect
      2. Appeal to novelty
      3. Hyperbolic discounting
    5. To act, we must be confident we can make an impact and feel what we do is important
      1. Peltzman effect
      2. Risk compensation
      3. Effort Justification
      4. Trait ascription bias
      5. Defensive attribution hypothesis
      6. Fundamental attribution error
      7. Illusory superiority
      8. Illusion of control
      9. Actor-observer bias
      10. Self-serving bias
      11. Barnum effect
      12. Forer effect
      13. Optimism effect
      14. Egocentric effect
      15. Dunning-Kruger effect
      16. Lake Wobegone effect
      17. Hard-easy effect
      18. False consensus effect
      19. Third-person effect
      20. Social desirability bias
      21. Overconfidence effect
  4. What Should We Remember?
    1. We store memories differently based on how they are experienced
      1. Tip of the tongue phenomenon
      2. Google effect
      3. Next-in-line effect
      4. Testing effect
      5. Absent-mindedness
      6. Levels of processing effect
    2. We reduce events and lists to their key elements
      1. Suffix effect
      2. Serial position effect
      3. Part-list cueing effect
      4. Recency effect
      5. Primary effect
      6. Memory inhibition
      7. Modality effect
      8. Duration neglect
      9. List-length effect
      10. Serial recall effect
      11. Misinformation effect
      12. Leveling and sharpening
      13. Peak-end rule
    3. We discard specifics to form generalities
      1. Fading affect bias
      2. Negativity bias
      3. Prejudice
      4. Stereotypical bias
      5. Implicit stereotypes
      6. Implicit association
    4. We edit and reinforce some memories after the fact
      1. Spacing effect
      2. Suggestibility
      3. False memory
      4. Cryptomnesia
      5. Source confusion
      6. Misattribution of memory

Literatura

  1. CJ Beukeboom. “Mechanisms of linguistic bias: How words reflect and maintain stereotypic expectancies”. In: Social Cognition and Communication (2014), pp. 313–330.
    • trzy wymiary analizy: meta-data, language, and network structure
  2. P. Burke, Social History of Knowledge, 2012.
  3. Eberl, Jakob-Moritz (2020): Medienbias. In: Isabelle Borucki, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Stefan Marschall und Thomas Zerback (Hg.): Handbuch Politische Kommunikation. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, S. 1–14.
  4. Ignacy S. Fiut, Bias komunikacyjny - źródłem ewolucji mediów i człowieka, w: Z teorii i praktyki komunikacji społecznej. Stan i rozwój badań w Polsce, red. Katarzyna Konarska, Arkadiusz Lewicki, Paweł Urbaniak, Libron: Kraków 2018.

Przypisy

  1. ↑ Cultural bias in Psychological testing: in:The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, edited by Irving B. Weiner and W. Edward Craighead. Wiley: Hoboken, New Jersey 2009.
  2. ↑ Burke, Social History of Knowledge, s. 2
  3. ↑ Burke, Social History of Knowledge, s. 2
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