Bias
Z Literatura przedmiotu
Termin
- nachylenie, odchylenie, odchyłka, odchyłek, skrzywienie, stronniczość
Definicja
- Cultural bias: 'Cultural bias has no a priori definition. Instead, its presence is inferred from differential performance of socioracial (e.g., Blacks, Whites), ethnic (e.g., Latinos/Latinas, Anglos), or national groups (e.g., U.S. Americans, Japanese) on measures of psychological constructs such as cognitive abilities, knowledge or skills (CAKS), or symptoms of psychopathology (e.g., depression).'[1]
- Bo Cowgill and Fabrizio Dell’Acqua, Biased Programmers? Or Biased Data? A Field Experiment in Operationalizing AI Ethics
Prototypy biasu
- socjologia wiedzy
- historia wiedzy, filozofia wiedzy
- konstrukcjonizm, konstruktywizm społeczny
- "what in what individuals believe to be truth or knowledge is influenced, if not determined, by their social milieu"[2]
- Bacon idole
- Vico, pycha narodów
- Montesquieu, wpływ klimatu na prawa[3]
Rodzaje
- Hindsight bias
- Cognitive biases
- Participation bias (non-response bias)
- Publication bias
- Reporting bias
- Media bias (D'Alessio and Allen)
- Coverage bias (also known as visibility bias)
- Gatekeeping bias (also known as selectivity or selection bias; agenda bias)
- Statement bias (also known as tonality bias or presentation bias)
- Advertising bias
- Concision bias
- Corporate bias
- Mainstream bias
- Partisan bias
- Structural bias
- Automation bias
- Belief bias
- Congruence bias
- Courtesy bias (Social desirability bias)
- Distinction bias
- Hostile attribution bias
- Impact bias
- Information bias
- Interoceptive bias
- Negativity bias
- Normalcy bias
- Omission bias
- Optimism bias
- Positive outcome bias
- Present bias
- Pro-innovation bias
- Projection bias
- Restraint bias
- Salience bias
- Selection bias
- Sexual overperception bias / sexual underperception bias
- Social comparison bias
- Status quo bias
- Survivorship bias
- Time-saving bias
- Unit bias
- Zero-risk bias
- Zero-sum bias
- attributional biases
- Social biases
- Actor-observer bias
- Authority bias
- Egocentric bias
- Extrinsic incentives bias
- False uniqueness bias
- Ingroup bias
- Outgroup homogeneity bias
- Puritanical bias
- Self-serving bias
- Shared information bias
- Trait ascription bias
- memory biases
- Regressive bias
- Consistency bias
- Choice-supportive bias
- Confirmation bias
- Egocentric bias
- Fading affect bias
- Stereotypical bias
Bias codex
- Too Much Information
- We notice things already primed in memory or repeated often
- Availability heuristic
- Attentional bias
- Illusory truth effect
- Mere exposure effect
- Context effect
- Cue-dependent forgetting
- Mood-congruent memory bias
- Frequency illusion
- Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon
- Empathy gap
- Omission bias
- Base rate fallacy
- Bizarre, funny, visually-striking, or anthropomorphic things stick out more than non-bizarre/unfunny things
- Bizarreness effect
- Humor effect Von Restorff effect
- Picture superiority effect
- Self-relevance effect
- Negativity bias
- We notice when something has changed
- Anchoring
- Conservation
- Contrast effect
- Distinction effect
- Focusing effect
- Framing effect
- Money illusion
- Weber-Fechner law
- We are drawn to details that confirm our own existing beliefs
- Confirmation bias
- Congruence bias
- Post-purchase rationalization
- Choice-support bias
- Selective perception
- Observer-expectancy effect
- Experimenter’s bias
- Observer effect
- Exception bias
- Ostrich effect
- Subjective validation
- Continued influence effect
- Semmelweis reflex
- We notice flaws in others more easily than we notice flaws in ourselves
- Bias blind spot
- Naive cynicism
- Naive realism
- We notice things already primed in memory or repeated often
- Not Enough Meaning
- We tend to find stories and data when looking at sparse data
- Confabulation
- Clustering illusion
- Insensitivity to sample size
- Neglect of Probability
- Anecdotal fallacy
- Illusion of validity
- Masked man fallacy
- Recency illusion
- Gambler’s fallacy
- Illusory correlation
- Pareidolia
- Anthropomorphism
- We fill in characteristics from stereotypes, generalities, and prior histories
- Group attribution error
- Ultimate attribution error
- Stereotyping
- Essentialism
- Functional fixedness
- Moral credential effect
- Just-world hypothesis
- argument from fallacy
- Authority bias
- Automation bias
- Bandwagon effect
- Placebo effect
- We imagine things and people we’re familiar with or fond of as better
- Out-group homogeneity bias
- Cross-race effect
- In-group bias
- Halo effect
- Cheerleader effect
- Positivity effect
- Not invented here
- Reactive devaluation
- Well-traveled road effect
- We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about
- Mental accounting
- Appeal to probability fallacy
- Normalcy bias
- Murphy’s Law
- Zero-sum bias
- Survivorship bias
- Subadditivity effect
- Denomination effect
- Magic number 7+-2
- We think we know what other people are thinking
- Illusion of transparency
- Curse of knowledge
- Spotlight effect
- Extrinsic incentive error
- Illusion of external agency
- Illusion of asymmetric insight
- We project our current mindset and assumptions onto the past and future
- Self-consistency bias
- Resistant bias
- Projection bias
- Pro-innovation bias
- Time-saving bias
- Planning fallacy
- Pessimism bias
- Impact bias
- Declinism
- Moral luck
- Outcome bias
- Hindsight bias
- Rosy retrospection
- Telescoping effect
- We tend to find stories and data when looking at sparse data
- Need To Act Fast
- We favor simple-looking options and complete information over complex, ambiguous options
- Less-is-better effect
- Occam’s razor
- Conjunction fallacy
- Delmore effect
- Law of Triviality
- Bike-shedding effect
- Rhyme as reason effect
- Belief bias
- Information bias
- Ambiguity bias
- To avoid mistakes, we aim to preserve autonomy and group status and avoid irreversible decisions
- Status quo bias
- Social comparison bias
- Decoy effect
- Reactance
- Reverse psychology
- System justification
- To get things done, we tend to complete things we’ve time & energy in
- Backfire effect
- Endowment effect
- Processing difficulty effect
- Pseudocertainty effect
- Disposition effect
- Zero-risk bias
- Unit bias
- IKEA effect
- Loss aversion
- Generation effect
- Escalation of commitment
- Irrational escalation
- Sunk cost fallacy
- To stay focused, we favor the immediate, relatable thing in front of us
- Identifiable victim effect
- Appeal to novelty
- Hyperbolic discounting
- To act, we must be confident we can make an impact and feel what we do is important
- Peltzman effect
- Risk compensation
- Effort Justification
- Trait ascription bias
- Defensive attribution hypothesis
- Fundamental attribution error
- Illusory superiority
- Illusion of control
- Actor-observer bias
- Self-serving bias
- Barnum effect
- Forer effect
- Optimism effect
- Egocentric effect
- Dunning-Kruger effect
- Lake Wobegone effect
- Hard-easy effect
- False consensus effect
- Third-person effect
- Social desirability bias
- Overconfidence effect
- We favor simple-looking options and complete information over complex, ambiguous options
- What Should We Remember?
- We store memories differently based on how they are experienced
- Tip of the tongue phenomenon
- Google effect
- Next-in-line effect
- Testing effect
- Absent-mindedness
- Levels of processing effect
- We reduce events and lists to their key elements
- Suffix effect
- Serial position effect
- Part-list cueing effect
- Recency effect
- Primary effect
- Memory inhibition
- Modality effect
- Duration neglect
- List-length effect
- Serial recall effect
- Misinformation effect
- Leveling and sharpening
- Peak-end rule
- We discard specifics to form generalities
- Fading affect bias
- Negativity bias
- Prejudice
- Stereotypical bias
- Implicit stereotypes
- Implicit association
- We edit and reinforce some memories after the fact
- Spacing effect
- Suggestibility
- False memory
- Cryptomnesia
- Source confusion
- Misattribution of memory
- We store memories differently based on how they are experienced
Literatura
- CJ Beukeboom. “Mechanisms of linguistic bias: How words reflect and maintain stereotypic expectancies”. In: Social Cognition and Communication (2014), pp. 313–330.
- trzy wymiary analizy: meta-data, language, and network structure
- P. Burke, Social History of Knowledge, 2012.
- Eberl, Jakob-Moritz (2020): Medienbias. In: Isabelle Borucki, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Stefan Marschall und Thomas Zerback (Hg.): Handbuch Politische Kommunikation. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, S. 1–14.
- Ignacy S. Fiut, Bias komunikacyjny - źródłem ewolucji mediów i człowieka, w: Z teorii i praktyki komunikacji społecznej. Stan i rozwój badań w Polsce, red. Katarzyna Konarska, Arkadiusz Lewicki, Paweł Urbaniak, Libron: Kraków 2018.