Wikipedia i gender

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Pojęcia, narzędzia, teorie

Literatura popularna

  1. Cassell, J. Edit Wars Behind the Scenes. 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/02/02/where-are-the-women-in-wikipedia/a-culture-of-editingwars.
  2. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-28701772/wikipedia-completely-failed-to-fix-gender-imbalance
  3. https://suegardner.org/2011/02/19/nine-reasons-why-women-dont-edit-wikipedia-in-their-own-words/
  4. N. Cohen. Define gender gap? Look up Wikipedia’s contributor list. The New York Times, Jan. 2011.

Literatura naukowa

  1. Julia Adams, Hannah Brückner, and Cambria Naslund, Who Counts as a Notable Sociologist on Wikipedia? Gender, Race, and the “Professor Test”, "Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World" 2019, Volume 5: 1–14 [1]
    • "Male sociologists working in R1 universities are more than twice as likely to have a page on Wikipedia (16 percent) than their female colleagues (7 percent, χ2 = 49, p < .001). Similarly, white sociologists are twice as likely (14 percent) to have a page than others (7 percent, χ2 = 43, p < .001)." (s. 7)
  2. Antin, J., Yee, R., Cheshire, C., & Nov, O. (2011). Gender differences in Wikipedia editing. In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration (pp. 11-14). ACM.
    • oparte na profilach zarejestrowanych użytkownikach oraz ilości edycji, por. Lam, S. T. K., Uduwage, A., Dong
    • "Second, although more than 80% of editors in our sample were men, among the bottom 75% of editors by activity level, we found that men and women made similar numbers of revisions. However, among the most active Wikipedians men tended to make many more revisions than women. Finally, we found that the most active women in our sample tended to make larger revisions than the most active men." (s. 11)
  3. Bear, J.B., Collier, B. Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia. Sex Roles 74, 254–265 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y
    • Używa danych z badania z roku 2008 (http://www.wikipediasurvey.org.)
    • Hipotezy
      1. Hypothesis 1a There will be a gender difference in confidence in one’s expertise, with women expressing greater lack of confidence than men.
        • Hypothesis 1b Lack of confidence in expertise will partially mediate the gender difference in contribution to Wikipedia.
      2. Hypothesis 2a There will be a gender difference in comfort with editing such that women will express greater discomfort than men with editing other people’s work in Wikipedia.
        • Hypothesis 2b Discomfort with editing will partially mediate the gender difference in contribution to Wikipedia.
      3. Hypothesis 3a Women will respond more negatively than men to criticism in Wikipedia.
        • Hypothesis 3b Negative response to criticism will partially mediate the gender difference in contribution to Wikipedia.
      4. Hypothesis 4a Women will report less discretionary time than men.
        • Hypothesis 4b Limited discretionary time will partially mediate the gender difference in contribution to Wikipedia.
  4. Collier B and Bear J (2012) Conflict, criticism, or confidence: An empirical examination of the gender gap in Wikipedia contributions. Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 383-392.
    1. "H1: Female Wikipedia users are less likely to contribute to Wikipedia due to the high level of conflict involved in the editing, debating, and defending process." (s. 385)
    2. "H2: Female Wikipedia users are less likely to contribute to Wikipedia due to gender differences in confidence in expertise to contribute and lower confidence in the value of their contribution." (s. 385)
    3. "H3: Female contributors are less likely to contribute to Wikipedia because they prefer to share and collaborate rather than delete and change other's work." (s. 386)
    4. "H4: Female contributors are less likely to contribute to Wikipedia because they have less discretionary time available to spend contributing." (s. 386)
  5. Eckert, S., & Steiner, L. (2013). Wikipedia’s Gender Gap. Media (dis) parity: A gender battleground. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 87-98.
  6. Ford, Heather and Wajcman, Judy (2017) ‘Anyone can edit’, not everyone does: Wikipedia and the gender gap, "Social Studies of Science", 47 (4). pp. 511-527.
    • "Wikipedia's tools and material infrastructure, but most importantly its logics originate from both the free software and Western scientific epistemologies and processes. This has two key implications for gender equity on the platform. First, Wikipedia's identity as an encyclopedia for facts is still governed by historically conservative (male) scientific understandings of expertise and authority. Second, viewed as an infrastructure, Wikipedia requires highly technical expertise, expertise that is traditionally gendered."[3]
  7. Graells-Garrido, E., Lalmas, M., & Menczer, F. (2015). First women, second sex: Gender bias in Wikipedia. In Proceedings of the 26th ACM Conference on Hypertext & Social Media (pp. 165–174). New York, NY: ACM. doi:10.1145/2700171.2791036
    • metoda: komputerowa analiza treści artykułów, 893380 biografii z DBpedii
    • "Instead of focusing on the participatory gender gap, we focus on how women are characterized in Wikipedia articles, to assess whether gender bias from the off-line world extends to Wikipedia content." (s. 165)
      1. Differences in meta-data are coherent with results in previous work, where women biographies were found to contain more content related to marriage than men’s.
      2. Sex-related content is more frequent in women biographies than men’s, while cognition-related content is more highlighted in men biographies than women’s.
      3. A strong bias in the linking patterns results in a network structure in which articles about men are disproportionately more central than articles about women. (s. 165)
    • Our contribution is a quantification of systematic asymmetries, which we define as gender bias with respect to content and structure, as well as a contextualization of the differences found in terms of social theory.
  8. Hargittai E and Shaw A (2015) Mind the skills gap: The role of Internet knowhow and gender in differentiated contributions to Wikipedia., Information, Communication & Society 18(4): 424-442.
    • ankieta na studentach, 547 respodentów
    • "Our findings suggest that Internet skills are an extraordinarily robust predictor of contributing to Wikipedia and also help explain a key dimension of the gender gap among Wikipedia editors." (s. 437)
    • "The results also suggest that low-skilled men and low-skilled women are equally highly unlikely to contribute toWikipedia. In other words, there is no gender gap in Wikipedia contribution among individuals with low Internet skills. The" (s. 437)
  9. Eszter Hargittai, Aaron Shaw, The Pipeline of Online Participation Inequalities: The Case of Wikipedia Editing, "Journal of Communication" 68 (2018)
    • "two main aspects of digital inequality in Wikipedia"
      1. "inequalities in content coverage, with an emphasis on gendered coverage gaps"
      2. "inequalities in Wikipedia participation more directly, also with emphasis on gender divides" (s. 148)
    • "Gender only matters at later stages in the pipeline, despite the important and valid emphasis of prior research and public debate on the Wikipedia gender gap." (s. 161)
  10. Herring, S. Gender and Power in Online Communication. In J. Holmes and M. Meyeroff, eds., The Handbook of Language and Gender. Blackwell, Oxford, 2003
    • "In many respects, the Internet reproduces the larger societal gender status quo. Top-level control of Internet resources, infrastructure, and content is exercised mostly by men. The largest single activity on the Internet – the distribution of pornography – is not only largely controlled by men, but casts women as sexual objects for men’s use. The sexualization of women carries over into ostensibly neutral domains, such as recreational chat and personal homepages. In serious contexts, such as academic discussion groups, women participate and are responded to less than men. Moreover, it appears to be necessary for women to form their own groups to address their interests, suggesting that the default activities on the Internet address the interests of men. This evidence points to the persistence of gender disparity in online contexts, according to the same hierarchy that privileges males over females off-line." (s. 19)
  11. Benjamin Mako Hill, Aaron Shaw, The Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation, PLoS ONE. Jun2013, Vol. 8 Issue 6, p1-5. 5p.
    • "Opt-in surveys are the most widespread method used to study participation in online communities, but produce biased results in the absence of adjustments for non-response. A 2008 survey conducted by the Wikimedia Foundation and United Nations University at Maastricht is the source of a frequently cited statistic that less than 13% of Wikipedia contributors are female. (...) We estimate that the proportion of female US adult editors was 27.5% higher than the original study reported (22.7%, versus 17.8%), and that thetotal proportion of female editors was 26.8% higher (16.1%, versus 12.7%)."(s. 1)
  12. Paul Hyman, Gender Bias at Wikipedia?, Communications of the ACM. Oct2011, Vol. 54 Issue 10, p18-18. 1/3p.
  13. Jahfari, Arman Naseri/ Loog, Marco/ Makrodimitris, Stavros/ Schmahl, Katja Geertruida/ Tax, David/ Viering, Tom Julian: Is Wikipedia suceeding in reducing gender bias? Assessing chnages in gender bias in Wikipedia using word embeddings. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Natrual Language Processing and Computational Social Science (2020), S. 94-103.
  14. A. Kittur, B. Suh, B. A. Pendleton, and E. H. Chi. He says, she says: Conflict and coordination in Wikipedia. In Proc. CHI 2007, San Jose, CA. ACM.
    • "First we presented details of the growth of conflict and coordination costs at the global level across Wikipedia’s history. We then showed that conflicts at the local article level can be modeled and predicted using a machine learner. Finally, we depicted the conflicts that occur at the user level, demonstrating the use of visualization in making sense of disputes between users." (s. 461)
  15. Klein, Maximilian, and Piotr Konieczny. 2015. “Gender Gap through Time and Space: A Journey through Wikipedia Biographies and the ‘wigi’ Index.” http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03086.
    • they find female representation in the online encyclopedia between 12 percent and 27 percent across human history, depending on culture and language, and actually propose to use their measure as a country-level index of gender inequality similar and complementary to measures such as the gender empowerment index. They also show that female biographies are growing exponentially on Wikipedia, with an estimated year of gender parity in 2034, although they caution that most likely the observed growth will slow down
  16. Piotr Konieczny, Maximilian Klein, Gender gap through time and space: A journey through Wikipedia biographies via the Wikidata Human Gender Indicator, "new media & society" 2018, Volume: 20 issue: 12, page(s): 4608-4633, DOI: 10.1177/1461444818779080
    • Wikidata Human Gender Indicator (WHGI): "the ratio of women and non-binary-gendered Wikipedia biographies to total Wikipedia biographies with data from Wikidata" (s. 2)
  17. Koerner, Jackie (2019). Wikipedia Has a Bias Problem. Wikipedia @ 20. Retrieved from https://wikipedia20.pubpub.org/pub/u5vsaip5
    • "Recognizing our own biases is hard work. It’s easier to identify bias in others than it is in ourselves."
    • "When a person is called out for bias it’s usually warranted. This person felt they were wronged when someone brought their bias to their attention."
    • "Simply because experience and history have been traditionally told from a white, cisgender male perspective, these voices and perspectives within society are taken as fact when often they are opinions or interpretations"
    • "Content and people are being removed and excluded if they do not fit the policies and practices designed by the existing cohort of contributors."
    • "Wikipedia materialized through predominantly westernized cisgender male voices, opinions, and biases."
    • "This uncomfortable experience was mild compared to that of others, but they all have the same intentions: to silence diverse voices. The rampantly unchecked power dynamics within the community function to silence the voices aiming to address bias in content and policy on Wikipedia."
  18. Lam, S. T. K., Uduwage, A., Dong, Z., Sen, S., Musicant, D. R., Terveen, L., & Riedl, J. (2011). WP: Clubhouse? An exploration or Wikipedia’s gender imbalance. In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration (pp. 1-10).
    • ograniczają się do badania użytkowników zarejestrowanych i takich, którzy zadeklarowali płeć (2,8%!!!!) (s. 3)
    • prawdopodobieństwo zadeklarowania płci wzrasta wraz z liczbą edycji (s. 3)
    • "The gender userboxes were introduced in December 2005, and the gender preference setting was introduced in January 2009." (s. 4)
      1. RQ1: Gap-Overall What is the extent of Wikipedia’s gender gap, and how has it changed over time?
      2. RQ2: Gap-Matters How is Wikipedia affected by the gender gap?
        1. H2a Focus-Differences: Male and female editors focus on different content areas.
        2. H2b F-Coverage-Worse: Coverage of topics with particular interest to females is inferior to topics with particular interest tomales.
      3. RQ3: Gender-Conflict What gender differences exist in conflicts in Wikipedia, and how do those differences relate to the gender gap?
        1. H3a F-Uncontentious: Females tend to avoid controversial or contentious articles.
        2. H3b F-Reverted-More: Female editors are more likely to have their early edits reverted.
        3. H3c F-Reverted-Leave: Female editors are more likely to stop editing and leave Wikipedia when being reverted as newcomers.
        4. H3d F-Blocked-Less: Female editors are less likely to be blocked.
  19. Sook Lim, Nahyun Kwon, Gender differences in information behavior concerning Wikipedia, an unorthodox information source?, Library & Information Science Research (07408188). Jul2010, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p212-220. 9p.
    • metodologia: ankieta wśród 124 studentów
    • "Male students were more likely to discount the risks involved when using Wikipedia information compared to their female counterparts. Furthermore, male students had higher ratings than female students regarding most aspects of Wikipedia, including outcome expectations, perceptions about its information quality, belief in the Wikipedia project itself, emotional states while using Wikipedia, confidence in evaluating information quality, and further exploration. Finally, there was no gender difference regarding the number of years of Wikipedia use. However, male students reported having more positive experiences with the information quality of Wikipedia than their female counterparts." (s. 212)
  20. Mass, P., & Zelenkauskaite, A. (2016). Gender gap in Wikipedia: A cross language comparison. In P. Fichman & N. Hara (Eds.), Global Wikipedia: International and cross-cultural issues in online collaboration. Lanham, MD: Roman & Littlefield Publishing Group.
  21. Menking A and Erickson I (2015) The heart work of Wikipedia: Gendered, emotional labor in the world's largest online encyclopedia. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 207-210.
    • 20 wywiadów z doświadczonymi wikipedystkami
    • Findings:
      1. avoiding certain kinds of work because it involves too much “drama.”; taking Wikibreak (s. 207-208)
      2. deep acting: "they should “stop behaving like a woman,” (s. 208)
      3. "Despite stories of conflict, trolling, and harassment, participants valorized Wikipedia and the effort they put in to be editors." (s. 209)
  22. Felipe Ortega, Daniel Izquierdo-Cortazar, Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona, Gregorio Robles, On the Analysis of Contributions from Privileged Users in Virtual Open Communities. January 2009, 42st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science (HICSS-42 2009), Proceedings (CD-ROM and online), 5-8 January 2009, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA
  23. Reagle J (2013) Free as in sexist? Free culture and the gender gap. First Monday 18(1): doi:10.5210/fm.v18i1.4291 [2]
    • metodologia: "My notes contain 200+ primary sources (e.g., e–mail messages and blog postings) on imbalance and sexism in FLOSS and these are the basis for the account I present."
    • teza: "Despite the values of freedom and openness, the free culture movement exhibits the same (or worse) imbalance in female participation as the computing culture from which it arose."
    • "My analysis consisted of iteratively coding (and recoding) the content of these sources into various categories, a type of “theoretical sampling” or “emergent design” [4]. Some of the resulting categories (and sub–categories) included: bias, gender exclusivity, freedom and ideology, identity (including geek feminism and imposter syndrome), the gender imbalance/gap, openness (including anonymity and friendliness), and sexism. "
    • "I suggest three possible causes: (a) some geek identities can be narrow and unappealing; (b) open communities are especially susceptible to difficult people; and, (c) the ideas of freedom and openness can be used to dismiss concerns and rationalize the gender gap as a matter of preference and choice."
    • "among Wikipedians who gender–identify in their profile, women are 12 percent of the Wikipedians on the German encyclopedia but 23 percent of those at the Russian one (Reagle, 2011)"
    • " hindrances to participation including a lack of mentors and role models, discriminating language usage, a male–dominated competitive world view, and a lack of women–centered perspectives" (Lin 2005)
    • "“women are actively (if unconsciously) excluded rather than passively disinterested” via social arrangements; this exclusion is masked by a focus on individual autonomy and a denial that gender is an issue." (Nafus, Leach, Krieger 2006)
    • skutki niesymetryczności: disproportionate coverage, such as the under–representation of women on its front page, or their overrepresentation among missing biographies
    • "Nerd and geek identity have historically been understood as being both white and masculine "
    • "it is naïve to claim that a project is immune from bias or discrimination because it is open, meritocratic, virtual, or part of the free culture movement."
  24. Joseph M. Reagle, Lauren Rhue, Gender bias in Wikipedia and Britannica, "International Journal of Communication" 5 : 2011. [3]
    • "We conclude that Wikipedia provides better coverage and longer articles, and that it typically has more articles on women than Britannica in absolute terms, but we also find that Wikipedia articles on women are more likely to be missing than are articles on men relative to Britannica."
  25. Christina Shane-Simpson, Kristen Gillespie-Lynch. Examining potential mechanisms underlying the Wikipedia gender gap through a collaborative editing task. Computers in Human Behavior, Elsevier, 2017, 66, pp.312-328. 10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.043
    • "In the current study, the Wikipedia-like editing condition, wherein female peer editors were underrepresented and peer feedback was neutral, men (trended towards) adding more content than woman. In contrast, women edited more in the fact-based essay condition lacking a visible female peer editor when peer editors modeled constructive feedback." (s. 38)
  26. Marie A. Vitulli, Writing Women in Mathematics into Wikipedia
    • płatne edytowanie: "In general there is a prohibition on paid editing, but it isn’t uniformly enforced. I have heard that the Ivy League schools have public relations staff who create pages for distinguished faculty; the staff are supposed to acknowledge their employer in their “Talk” pages. I came across one such acknowledgment on the “User” page of Dominic McDevitt-Parks (User: Dominic), who is a paid employee of the US National Archives and Records Administration and edits on Wikipedia for them." (s. 331)
  27. Wagner, Claudia, Eduardo Graells-Garrido, David Garcia, and Filippo Menczer. 2016. “Women through the Glass Ceiling: Gender Asymmetries in Wikipedia.” EPJ Data Science Journal 5(5).
    • Wikipedia has a glass ceiling for women
    • women’s biographies focus more on personal and familial aspects and less on their contributions to the public sphere. In addition, the authors find linguistic bias and structural gender differences in how articles about women are linked to others.
    • Wikipedia’s women are on average more notable than its men and interpret this to mean that editors impose a higher notability threshold on women than men.

Strony internetowe

Przykłady

Przypisy

  1. ↑ Margaret W. Rossiter, The Matthew/Matilda Effect in Science, „Social Studies of Science” (23), 1993
  2. ↑ Raalte, Christa van (2015). No Small-Talk in Paradise: Why Elysium Fails the Bechdel Test, and Why We Should Care. In: Savigny, Heather; Thorsen, Einar; Jackson, Daniel; Alexander, Jenny (eds.). Media, Margins and Popular Culture. Springer.
  3. ↑ s. 516
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