Alfabetocentryzm

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Chiny

  • Wikipedia, Written Chinese: "The large number of Chinese characters has in part led to the adoption of Western alphabets or other complementary systems as auxiliary means of representing Chinese."
  • Yu Hua, Chiny w dziesięciu słowach: "W większości analfabeci"[1]

McLuhan

  • 'Wizualna zdolność alfabetu fonetycznego do oddawania treści innych języków jest częścią jego zdolności do podbijania kultur prawej półkuli (kultur mówionych)[2]
  • nazwy wszystkich niemal kontynentów zaczynają się i kończą na literę a

David R. Olson

  • jedno z sześciu wątpliwych założeń dotyczących piśmiennictwa: "technologiczna wyższość pisma alfabetycznego"[3]
  • J.J. Rousseau, ewolucja pisma: "Malowanie przedmiotów odpowiada ludziom dzikim; znaki słów i zdań - ludom barbarzyńskim; alfabet zaś - ludom cywilizowanym"[4]
  • Samuel Johnson: Chińczycy to barbarzyńcy, bo nie mają alfabetu[5]
  • w języku francuskim brak rozróżnienia między znajomością pisma i znajomością alfabetu[6]
  • trzy klasyczne hipotezy wynalezienia pisma (Cohen, Gelb, Diringer): wg nich ewolucja języka dąży do pisma fonetycznego[7]
  • E. Havelock: wynalezienie greckiego alfabetu to przełom cywilizacyjny, [8]
  • opozycja wobec alfabetocentryzmu: Gaur, Harris, Sampson[9]

Jürgen Renn

  • Brak wzmianki o chińskim piśmie: "Since the beginning of the Neolithic the vast landmass situated at the intersection of Africa, Asia and Europe has seen important cultural innovations, such as agriculture and the domestication of animals, settled communities, long-distance trade, urban life, and the early state."[21]
  • Fonetyzacja jako proces naturalny: "Whereas these parameters are difficult to assess, another parameter’s consequences were more straightforward: “phonetization,”5 a term referring to the moulding of the writing system to better reproduce the elements of speech, led to substantial changes in the structure of the notational system"
  • USA, Canada: "Indeed, the degree of alphabetization within a given society defines a meaningful parameter regard to its prospects for future development."
  • Alfabetocentryzm: "Together with the no less influential assumption of a superior position for alphabetic writing as developed in rabbinic as well as in Christian religious thought, a general tendency toward a phonocentric as well as alphabetocentric bias characterizes European attitudes toward writing systems in general Busi 2001; Bandt 2007."
  • Alfabetocentryzm z Rousseau: "For instance, Rousseau claimed in his Essay on the Origin of Language that the three main stages of human evolution are paralleled in the evolution of writing systems:
These three ways of writing [i.e. logographic, syllabic, alphabetic, ECK] cor-respond almost exactly to three different stages according to which one can consider men gathered into nation. The depicting of objects is appropriate to a savage people; signs of words and of propositions, to a barbaric people, and the alphabet to civilized people. Rousseau 1966, 17"
  • J.w.: "The consequences of this model did lead to some interesting hypotheses: not only has alphabetic literacy been credited with the genesis of democracy, it has been argued that the advancement of modern scientific thought is a particular result of the alphabetic mode"
  • Krytyka alfabetocentryzmu: "These ideas have certainly stimulated a great deal of discussion, but they have also been subject to particularly detailed and heavy criticism Halverson 1992; Thus,occidental alphabetocentrism has not only prejudiced theories of language and culture in the past, it continues to leave its stamp on the philosophy of language and on the archaeology of media, even when systematic research in non-European writing systems clearly points to approaches that recognize the internal principles of each kind of writing system rather than fitting them into a single evolutionary sequence.13"
  • Z historii pisma Chiny wyłączone: "Early Mesopotamia and its adjacent regions furnish detailed, although evidence of the pristine establishment of several writing systems. The process of adapting writing systems to particular languages has repeatedly taken place between the third and the first millennium BCE, as various civilizations adopted the cuneiform so as to enable record keeping in their own language. And last but not least several entirely new, formally and typologically different systems of writing were conceived"

Bibliografia

  • Victor J. Boucher, The Study of Speech Processes_ Addressing the Writing Bias in Language Science-Cambridge University Press (2021)
  • Daniels, P. T. (1990). Fundamentals of Grammatology. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110(4), 727. doi:10.2307/602899
  • Peter T. Daniels & David L. Share, Writing System Variation and Its Consequences for Reading and Dyslexia, Scientific Studies of Reading (2017)
  • Arthur J. Evans, The European Diffusion of Primitive Pictography and its Bearings on the Origin of Script, in: Anthropology And The Classics. Six Lectures Delivered Before The University Of Oxford By Arthur J. Evans, Andrew Lang, Gilbert Murray, F. B. Jevons, J. L. Myres W., Warde Fowler, ed. R. R. Marett, Oxford At The Clarendon Press 1908. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/53646/53646-h/53646-h.htm#Page_9
  • A. Gaur, A History of Writing, London 1987.
  • R. Harris, The Origins of Writing, Cambridge 1986.
  • Kasper Juffermans, Constanze Weth, Tommaso M. Milani, The Tyranny of Writing_ Ideologies of the Written Word, Bloomsbury Academic (2018)
  • Jürgen Renn, The Globalization of Knowledge in History (2012)
  • G. Sampson, Writing Systems, Stanford 1985.

Przypisy

  1. ↑ Yu Hua, Chiny w dziesięciu słowach, przeł. Katarzyna Sarek, Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog, Warszawa 2013, s. 222
  2. ↑ McLuhan, Wybór tekstów, s. 537
  3. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s. 37
  4. ↑ Rousseau, Szkic o pochodzeniu języków, cyt. za: Olson, Papierowy świat, s. 37
  5. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s. 37
  6. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s. 37
  7. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s. 38
  8. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s. 38
  9. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s. 38
  10. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  11. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  12. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  13. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  14. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  15. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  16. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  17. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  18. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  19. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  20. ↑ Olson, Papierowy świat, s.
  21. ↑ Jürgen Renn, The Globalization of Knowledge
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